Effect of Climate Change on Pollock Population

Effect of Climate Change on Pollock Population The Population of Pollock Under Climate Change as Determined by Age, Distribution, and Prey Energy Content Abstract Pollock, like many other species, respond to the threats of climate change within their home in the Bering Sea. Living in an ecosystem hugely affected by its seasonal ice sheet, pollock are dependent on the timing and extent of its annual movement. The connection examined in this  paper is the relationship between algal blooms, cold water stratification, juvenile pollock predation, and adult pollock fishery recruitment. As the reach and lifespan of the ice sheet fluctuate, so does the amount of cold water habitat and ice algae that juvenile pollock depend on to survive to adulthood. During a year with an earlier retreat of/or less ice a smaller cold water area is established, leaving juvenile pollock open to their cannibalistic adult counterparts. Also, during such a year, ice algae production does not provide the high energy lipids needed to fuel the juvenile pollock population through their growth. This chain effect, while not threatening for the survival of the entire population , does have significant implications for fishery recruitment. Introduction Climate change as a global phenomenon acts uniquely in different environments to a wide range of possible effects on almost every species. In the Arctic, many of these individual systems draw back to the infamous retreating ice sheet, upon which Arctic species live, hunt, reproduce, and die. One Arctic species with major implications to humans may be experiencing difficulties due to climate change as retreating sea ice alters its habitat in the Bering Sea. Walleye pollock, (Gadus chalcogrammus), is a billion dollar industry in the US. This industry depends on the natural seasonal variability of the Bering Sea ice sheet as it annually descends and retreats over the Bering Sea. This is the environmental clock that marks the algal blooms pollock depend on. In this way, as climate change alters the ice landscape the energy content of the lower food chain is also affected, leading to a possible decrease in survival for adult pollock. Physical Oceanography of the Bering Sea There are three hydrographic areas within the southeastern Bering Sea shelf: the coastal shelf, with a depth of less than 50 meters; the middle shelf, with a depth of 50-100 meters; and the outer shelf, with a depth of 100-200 meters (Bering Sea, 2014). Pollock can be found over most of the Bering Sea, but much of the population and studies occur in the Eastern Bering Sea (EBS), where the research is centered. Pollock spend much of their time over the 500 kilometer wide sea shelf, which is generally less than 180 meters deep (Hunt, et. al., 2011; Bering Sea, 2014). The processes that occur within the central shelf are most critical to pollock. (Stabeno, et. al., 2012) A comparison between the -2 degree water in the cold pool during a warm year (2003) and a cold year (Blue) (2007) with depth contours of the EBS marked. Note that the warm year highlight has been  moved down 2 degrees of latitude to show comparison. The middle part of the southeastern Bering Sea shelf is the region within the Bering Sea most affected by climate change. In this area, a well-mixed water column appears in winter due to the strong winds; however, in summer two clearly separated layers appear. The surface layer of the summer water column is mixed by the wind while the bottom layer is mixed by the tide. The nutrient-rich bottom layer is insulated from warming by the surface layer once the water column stratifies. This insulation during the summer months causes the bottom layer to warm only slightly. Because the temperature of the bottom layer, the cold pool, depends on the water column’s temperature during the  time of stratification, the time of ice retreat affects it greatly (Stabeno, et. al., 2012). The cold pool’s temperature stays below two degrees Celsius for the  summer in cold years when extensive spring ice remains through April, while, during warm years with early ice retreat, the cold pool ’s temperature remains above two degrees Celsius during summer. Seasonal Ice Sheet Data According to historical records, the continuous decline of the Arctic sea ice extent began in the late 1800s and has rapidly increased over the last three decades. The rate of ice loss in this period is unequaled by any other sea ice recession in the last thousand years (Polyak et. al., 2010). Additionally, the annual mean temperature in the Arctic is now measured at being more than 1.5 degrees Celsius higher than it was in the period of time between 1971 and 2000. (Overland, et. al. 2013). Compiled historical records relating to Arctic ice margins have shown that a general retreat of seasonal Arctic ice has been occurring since early in the twentieth century. This retreat has particularly accelerated in the last five decades in regards to both seasonal and perennial ice. Though reliable satellite records of ice margins have only been available since 1979, in the three decades of their existence, the recorded data has exhibited generally negative trends in sea-ice extent; the month of September is particularly significant with a decline of 11% per decade. (Polyak, et. al., 2010). Since the 1980s, Arctic sea ice volume has declined by 75% (Overland, et. al., 2013); between 1982 and 2007, perennial sea ice over five years of age decreased by 56%. The general coverage of perennial ice decreased by 88%, and any ice exceeding nine years of age all but disappeared. (Stroeve, et. al., 2008). A seasonally nearly ice free Arctic, an Arctic devoid of almost all perennial ice, should appear within the next fifty years. (Overland, et. al., 2013; Polyak, et. al., 2010; Stroeve, et. al., 2008). This eventuality will increase Arctic warming and may also affect weather systems that range beyond the Arctic. (Polyak, et. al. 2010). Pollock Pollock, (Gadus chalcogramma) was our main species of consideration. These groundfish are a relative of cod that commonly populate the Eastern Bering Sea. During their growth an individual can be expected to reach 30-91cm. Their range of habitat extends from roughly 100 meters below the surface to 300 meters, but they have been spotted at depths as low as 1000 meters. Pollock, with a twelve year life span, go through several life phases based on age that dictate behavior and position on the food chain. These life phases will be referred to as adult; over two years, or juvenile; less than two years. Juvenile can also be broken into age 0, which hatched that year, and age 1. Distribution of pollock is dependant mainly on age and temperature (by season), and predator locations (Benoit-Bird et. al. 2013). Younger fish generally subsist on zooplankton such as copepods, while adults eat euphausiids (krill), tunicates, copepods, shrimp, and other fish as well as sometimes resorting to cannibalism of juvenile Pollock. Juvenile pollock success is dependent on timing and location overlap with their prey copepods, and they enjoy a much greater overlap during cold years than in warm years (Siddon et. al. 2013). Pollock success is also directly linked to the lipid content of copepod prey sources (Heintz et. al. 2013). For age-0 pollock distribution the factors of original spawning ground and subsequent survival, as well as the regular stresses that produce schooling behavior also  determine success (Benoit-Bird et. al. 2013). Overlap of adult and age-0 pollock that allows for cannibalism happens primarily during autumn and winter while cannibalism of age-1 pollock occurs farther Northwest during the summer months (Mueter et, al, 2011). Implications of Climate Change The warm year vs. cold year effect is a key factor in the distribution of pollock based on their age and prey. Earlier sea ice retreat leads to an earlier plankton bloom, juvenile pollock’s main prey and so those pollock move to and feed in those areas where copepods live off that bloom. For juvenile pollock, this creates a spike of surviving juvenile pollock fueled by the temporarily expanded prey source, but later on in the year pollock cannot get enough energy from their food to survive through the winter, and so later age class populations are reduced. In contrast, algal blooms on the ice sheet in cold years create a higher lipid content copepod source, so the population of pollock can be more abundant (Heintz et. al. 2013). There is a 33% increase (Heintz et. al. 2013) in energy of pollock when a cold year produces high-lipid copepods in overlap with juvenile pollock. In this way the success of juvenile pollock determines the success of the species. The success of juvenile pollock during cold vs. warm years also is affected by distribution. Age 1 pollock can take refuge in the cold pool due to their greater temperature tolerance, while the older fish are pushed to outer shelf outside the cold pool. This keeps adult pollock from cannibalizing their juvenile counterparts in excess. The decrease in cold pool size during warm years reduces the availability of this safe habitat, which causes a cannibalism increase as pollock are the best food for other pollock when copepods and other prey have a low energy content (Siddon, personal communication). With more warm years in the Bering Sea due to climate change, the cold pool will be  warmer and lipid content of copepods will decrease. In this way the population recruitment of pollock will suffer. (Stabeno, et. al., 2012). Human Interactions The pollock catch has annually averaged 1.3 million tons ever since the late 1980s when United States vessels first began fishing for pollock. Today, the pollock fishery is the largest in the United States by volume. Since 1998, pollock prices have hovered at approximately one dollar per pound. A table of age two fish caught shows a correlation between year temperature, or previous year temperature and the amount of two-year-old (new adult) fish caught. The pollock fishery is currently the second largest in the world and made up 61.9% of the total Alaskan groundfish catch in 2012 (Walleye Pollock Research, 2012). The U.S. fishery landed roughly 1.26 million tons between 2012 and 2014. In 2012 the products derived from the catch were worth over 1 billion dollars, and the catch itself valued $343 million. This massive resource fuels the imitation crab industry and is the fillet component in fried fillet sandwiches. This use is in part due to the natural oil content which is both higher than the content in similar species and considered more flavorful. (NOAA, 2014) To a much lesser extent, money from the pollock fishery goes  back into native villages on the west coast of Alaska. This happens through jobs, subsidies and money given back to the tribal government (Pollock Provides, 2008). Recommendations As the amount of pollock recruited to adulthood will greatly deteriorate with the increase of warm years in the southeastern Bering Sea shelf, it is to be recommended that fisheries begin to consider the recruitment of other species to serve as a buffer for certain pollock products. Arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias), could be a possible alternative to pollock for surimi, which is more commonly known as imitation crab. Though the arrowtooth flounder has not been commercially fished in the past because of an enzyme that quickly breaks down the fish when heated, additives have been developed that can stop the flesh from degrading. These additives will open up opportunities for the arrowtooth flounder’s commercial fishery; its marketability will be greatly benefited as well (Arrowtooth Flounder Overview, 2014; Arrowtooth Flounder Research, 2014). This makes a surimi product that originates from arrowtooth flounder a viable alternative to the current pollock surimi; instituting arrowtooth flounder based surimi products will reduce the human-related strain on the pollock population while also reducing human dependence on the continually deteriorating pollock fishery. Conclusion Pollock is a vital component to the Bering Sea ecosystem, both for the food chain and the humans who fish from it. As the Arctics mean temperature has risen by approximately 1.5 degrees Celsius in the last four decades and the ice sheet volume has decreased by 75% (Overland et. al. 2013), it is reasonable to conclude that the temperature will only rise higher and higher as the Bering ice sheet retreats earlier and earlier. This would greatly affect the southeastern Bering Sea shelf by raising the temperature of the summer cold pool perpetually above 2 degrees Celsius, therefore instituting a repeating cycle of continuous warm years that would be detrimental to pollock population recruitment, as the plankton prey that juvenile pollock depend on would bloom earlier, leaving pollock with less energy during the later months. (Stabeno et. al. 2012; Heintz et. al. 2014). Bibliography Arrowtooth Flounder Overview (2014). Fishwatch.gov. Retrieved from  http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/flounder/species_pages/arrowtooth_flounder.htm Arrowtooth Flounder Research (2014). NOAA. Retrieved from  http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/species/Arrowtooth_flounder.php Benoit-Bird, K. , McIntosh, N. , Heppell, S. (2013) Nested scales of spatial heterogeneity in juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma in the southeastern Bering Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 484, 219-238. Retrieved from http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/BSP_95_BenoitBird_et_al_MEPS_m484p219.pdf Bering Sea. (2014). North Pacific Research Board. Retrieved from  http://www.nprb.org/nprb/aboutus/missionresearchprinciples/scientific-foundation/largemarineecosystems/beringsea. Duffy-Anderson, J. , Mueter, F. , Smart, T. , Siddon, E. , Horne, J. (2014) Young Fish in a Warm Bering Sea. North Pacific Research Board. Retrieved from http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/B53_Duffy_Anderson_press.pdf Heintz, R. , Siddon, E. (2014) Seasonal Bioenergetics in the Bering Sea. North Pacific Research Board. Retrieved from http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/B54_Heintz_press.pdf Heintz, R. Siddon, E. Farley, E. Napp, J. (2013) Correlation between recruitment and fall condition of age-0 pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from the eastern Bering Sea under varying climate conditions. DeepSea Research II 94, 159-156. http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/BSP_93_Heintz_2013_DSR2.pdf Hunsicker, M. , Ciannelli, L. , Bailey, K. , Zador, S. , Stige, L.C. (2014) Climate, Population Dynamics and Predator-Prey Overlap. North Pacific Research Board. Retrieved from http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/BSH_60_Climate,_Population,_Predator-Prey.pdf Hunt, Jr., G. L., Stabeno, P., Walters, G., Sinclair, E., Brodeur, R. D., Napp, J. M., Bond, N. A., (2002). Climate change and control of the southeastern Bering Sea pelagic ecosystem. Deep Sea Research II, 49, 5821-5853. Hunt, G. L., Coyle, K. O., Eisner, L. B., Farley, E. V., Heintz, R. A., Mueter, F., Napp, J. M., Overland, J. E., Ressler, P. H., Salo, S., Stabeno, P. J. (2011). Climate impacts on eastern Bering Sea foodwebs: a synthesis of new data and an assessment of the Oscillating Control Hypothesis. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Mueter, F. Bond, N. Ianelli, J. Hollowed, A. (2011) Expected declines in recruitment of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the eastern Bering Sea under future climate change. ICES Journal of Marine Science 68(6), 1284-1296. http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/6/1284.full.pdf+html   NOAA (2014, April 29). Alaska Pollock. Retrieved from  http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/pollock/species_pages/alaska_pollock.htm Overland, J. E., Wang, M., Walsh J. E., Stroeve, J. C. (2013). Future Arctic climate changes: Adaptation and mitigation time scales. Earth’s Future, . Retrieved from http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/future/bib/EarthsFutureJEO.pdf Pollock Provides (2008) Coastal Villages Region Fund, Volume 11, Issue 3. Retrieved from http://www.coastalvillages.org/sites/www.coastalvillages.org/files/documents/pollock_provides_special_edition.pdf Polyak, L., Alley, R. B., Andrews, J. T., Brigham-Grette, J., Cronin, T. M., Darby, D. A, Dyke, A. S., Fitzpatrick, J. J., Funder, S., Holland, M., Jennings, A. E., Miller, G. H., O’Regan, M., Savelle, J., Serreze, M., St. John, K., White, J. W. C., Wolff, E. (2010). History of sea ice in the Arctic. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29. Retrieved from http://bprc.osu.edu/geo/publications/polyak_etal_seaice_QSR_10.pdf Siddon, Elizabeth. Personal communication, October 27, 2014, at Thunder Mountain High school from 4:00-4:40 p.m. Siddon, E. , Kristiansen, T. , Mueter, F.J. , Holsman, K. , Heintz, R. , Farley, E. (2013). Spatial Match-Mismatch between Juvenile Fish and Prey Provides a Mechanism for Recruitment Variability across Contrasting Climate Conditions in the Eastern Bering Sea. Stabeno, P. J., Kachel, N. B., Moore, S. E., Napp, J. M., Sigler, M., Yamaguchi, A., Zerbini, A. N. (2012). Comparison of warm and cold years on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf and some implications for the ecosystem. Deep Sea Research II Stroeve, J., Serreze, M., Drobot, S., Gearheard, S., Holland, M., Maslanik, J., Meier, W., Scambos, T. (2008). Arctic Sea Ice Extent Plummets in 2007. Eos, 89. Uchiyama, T. , Kruse, G. , Mueter, F. (2014) Understanding Bering Sea Groundfish Populations. North Pacific Research Board. Retrieved from http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/B75_Kruse_press.pdf Walleye Pollock. (2010). NOAA. Retrieved from  http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/Education/factsheets/10_Wpoll_FS.pdf Walleye Pollock Research. (2012, January 1). NOAA. Retrieved from http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/species/pollock.php

The Puppet Master of Rome: the Mother-Son Relationship in Shakespeare’s Coriolanus

There is one thing in the world that everyone has: a mother. Some people never knew their mothers, some have bad relationships with their mothers, and some love their mothers more than anything else. In William Shakespeare’s Coriolanus, Caius Martius, or Coriolanus, has a very intense relationship with his mother, Volumnia. He loves, respects, fears, and is controlled by her. This is made very evident throughout the play. Everything she asks for is done promptly after a simple proclamation of her need for it.This includes anything from fetching a drink for her to calling off an attack on a city. Coriolanus has his mother’s voice in his ear throughout the play. Sometimes, it saves him, but it also gives him a lack of identity and ultimately causes his demise. The first time we are introduced to Volumnia is in Act 1, Scene iii of the play. She is sitting and sewing with Virgilia, Coriolanus’ wife, and Valeria, Virgillia’s friend. At this point in the play, C oriolanus is in battle, fighting the Volsces in the city of Corioles.Virgilia worries for the safety of her husband and prays that he comes back unharmed. Volumnia responds to her and lets the audience see what kind of mother she really is. As Virgilia expresses her concern for her husband’s well being, Volumnia proceeds to tell her that she would rather have her son die in battle than come back uninjured. She makes a short speech about how his injuries and his involvement in battle enforce his manhood. When he was but tender-bodied and the only son of my womb, when youth with comeliness plucked all gaze his way, when for a day of kings’ entreaties a mother should not sell him an hour from her beholding, I, considering how honor would become such a person – that it was no better than picturelike to hang by th’ wall, if renown made it not stir – was pleased to let him seek danger where he was like to find fame.To a cruel war I sent him, from whence he returned, his brows bound with oak, I tell thee, daughter, I sprang not more in joy at first hearing he was a man-child than now in first seeing he had proved himself a man. (I, iii, 5-17) In this speech, Volumnia makes it clear that she had always planned for Coriolanus to be a warrior and she would not be proud of him for any other reason. As their talk continues, Virgilia asks her how she would feel if her son died in battle. Volumnia responds to her by saying that is she had twelve sons, she would have rather â€Å"had eleven die nobly for their country than one voluptuously surfeit out of action. † (I, iii, 22-25) This statement reveals the to audience Volumnia’s obsession of gaining fame vicariously through her acclaimed war-hero son and her influence on her son becomes blatantly apparent.This demonstrated Volumnia’s gender role in her society, as well. Volumnia â€Å"manages to be heard in spite of [traditional gender roles]; nevertheless, there are s trict codes of conduct and societal expectations for the behavior of women, which Virgilia follows to the letter, although Volumnia cannot help but rebel. Coriolanus seems restricted by these same ideas [and] forced to act like a hardened man, and stung when he has to admit weakness, or show any emotion. † (Coriolanus Themes) This view is further enforced in the following act’s first scene, when Coriolanus returns.Volumnia and the others stand watching him and his army approach. Volumnia proclaims â€Å"O, he is wounded; I thank the gods for‘t. † (II, i, 118) She basks in the glory of his wounds and announces them to the crowd as he approaches. A darker side of Volumnia comes out in this scene. As trumpets sound, she looks upon her nearing son and says aloud â€Å"Before him he carries noise, and behind him he leaves tears. Death, that dark spirit, in’s nervy arms doth lie; which, being advanced, declines, and then men die. (II, i, 154-157) She also makes it known that she has faith in his position in the Consul, which has yet to be confirmed. This overbearing attitude of Volumnia’s has a huge influence on Coriolanus, but we don’t see the true extent of his dependence and commitment to her until act III, when Volumnia berates him for his actions in front of the citizens of the town and for the Senators, therefore, costing him his position as Consul member. Coriolanus had let his temper and disdain for the citizens and government overcome him and he insulted them all in various ways, including calling the Senators â€Å"barbarians† (III, i, 239).She enters by saying, â€Å"O, sir, sir, sir, I would have had you put your power well on, before you had worn it out. † (III, ii, 16-18) After berating him, she encourages him to go make amends with the people of the town and regain his popularity; she won’t give up her dreams quite yet. She also lets him know that she will guide him and he can  "go to them, with this bonnet in thy hand; and thus having far stretched it – here be with them – thy knee bussing the stones – for in such business action is eloquence [†¦]. (III, ii, 72-76) She later follows this statement with, â€Å"Prithee now, go and be ruled [†¦]†(III, ii, 89-90) This statement presents a sort of double entendre, seeing as she presently rules him and has for his entire life. She is not only telling him to hand himself over to the approval of the public, but to let her take him by the hand in doing so. Volumnia makes it known that she has everything to lose from Coriolanus’ failure. She even bluntly states, â€Å"[†¦] it is my more dishonor than thou to them. Come all to ruin!Let thy mother rather feel thy pride than thy dangerous stoutness, for I mock at death with as big heart as thou. Do as thou list. Thy valiantness was mine, thou suck’st it from me, but owe thy pride thyself. † (III, ii, 124- 130) To this, Coriolanus responds with compliance and goes immediately to the market place, asking of his mother, â€Å"chide me no more. † (III, ii, 132) Coriolanus cannot take much chastisement or reprimanding from his mother without caving in and doing exactly as she asks, for that is all he knows.Towards the end of the play, Coriolanus finally defies his mother and leaves Rome to side with the Volces. This is the first time he ever left her or did not follow her word in the entire play. However, before his attack on Rome, Volumnia uses the most epic of motherly guilt trips when she, Virgilia, and Valeria travel to the Volsces’ city to convince Coriolanus to stop the attack. She attempts to break his icy exterior to attack his heart and change his position on the coming war.She first attempts to stoke his ego and confirm his greatness, asking how he could make this decision. When that fails to reach him, she pushes the argument that they will have no place to go whe n their home is destroyed. When that also fails, she then pulls on his heartstrings and tells him that they will all die by the hands of the Volsces because of his commands. When she notices him beginning to doubt his position, she lays on the line â€Å"so, we will home to Rome, and die among our neighbors. [†¦] Yet give us our dispatch.I am hushed until our city be afire, and then I’ll speak a little. † (V, iii, 172-182) This finally reaches him. He breaks down to Aufidius and makes peace, refusing to continue the war. In the end, Vomumnia was praised by Rome for convincing her son to make peace and preventing the attack. He gained the hero status she wanted for her son. He did not resent her for it, but he did die to defend the honor of Rome. â€Å"Volumnia's reputation as the noblest Roman matron of them all is apparently the product of outmoded idealization of motherhood.Hofling, undoubtedly the best informed of the recent commentators, writes: ‘Volumn ia thus is seen to be an extremely unfeminine, non-maternal person, one who sought to mold her son to fit a preconceived image gratifying her own masculine (actually pseudo-masculine) strivings. Her method, we learn from the above and other speeches, was to withhold praise and the scant affection she had to give from any achievements except aggressive and exhibitionistic ones† (Putney) Coriolanus’ lack of independence from his mother created a lack of identity for himself.He did not know how to go about life without his mother, even at his age and having his own family. â€Å"Coriolanus' lack of identity is due to a controlling mother in a fatherless environment. According to the Freudian model for establishing male identity, Coriolanus is doomed. Nowhere is this more evident that at the end of the play, when Volumnia, his mother convinces him to spare Rome. He is wholly controlled by his mother, and has no voice of his own. He says, â€Å"Like a dull actor now,/ I ha ve forgot my part and I am out,/Even to full disgrace† (V, iii, 40-42).Following his mother's demands, he spares Rome, which leads directly to his demise. Thus, his controlling mother coupled with the absence of a father figure leads to his lack of identity, which leads to his death. † (Freudian Interpretation) Coriolanus even follows his mother’s desire for honor in death in battle during his final hour. He proclaims, â€Å"cut me to pieces, Volsces. Men and lads, stain all your edges on me. † (V, vi, 110-111) In the end, if it were not for Volumnia’s influence, her son may have lived a full life and been able to care for his family.In the same respect, there may have not been peace between Rome and the Volsces. Volumnia truly is the strength of Rome. Throughout the play, Volumnia never lost her courage or backed down from the challenges that could have prevented her and her son from achieving her status. She made it seem as though she would do anyt hing for the people she loved and the city that was her home, but she always had ulterior motives and clawed her way to the top, sacrificing her son along the way. Works Cited â€Å"Coriolanus Themes.† GradeSaver.com. 14 Mar. 2011. GradeSaver LLC.. 1999 . â€Å"Freudian Interpretation.† New York University.edu. 14 Mar. 2011. New York University. . Putney, Rufus. â€Å"Coriolanus | Mother-Son Relationship.† eNotes.com. 14 Mar. 2011. eNotes.com. 2011 .

Symbolism In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness - 805 Words

Joseph Conrad’s novella, Heart of Darkness, contains many symbols that connect to themes within it. Heart of Darkness incorporates the symbols of light and dark to develop the idea that society and characters, like Kurtz, contribute to the darkness of their society. Conrad’s different observations of the effect that nature can have on the characters and society within the novel, primarily focus on how something light and desirable can prove to bring out the ugliest aspects of humanity or cause significant discomfort. Conrad also demonstrates this with the corruption of his character Kurtz, an initially philanthropic and talented company employee who has a twisted lust for ivory and who commits horrible acts in it’s pursuit. Conrad shows†¦show more content†¦Marlow’s response is that, â€Å"Sunlight can made to be lie† (Conrad 58). Marlow does not completely want to tell the intended that Kurtz was an awful man, but does explain through the symbol of sunlight, he is referring to Kurtz’s outside persona as the sunlight. His meaning of the â€Å"sunlight can be made to lie† means that even though his fiance thought he was a great person, there was always a hidden darkness inside of Kurtz. Kurtz having the darkness inside him contributes to the idea that the society of Heart of Darkness is dark due to the corruption it’s people face from their environment. The society depicted by conrad uses different symbols of light and darkness in Heart of Darkness to show the hollow nature of the society the protagonist encounters throughout the novel. While the narrator is sailing upstream early in the novella, Conrad writes â€Å"When the sun rose there was a white fog very warm and clammy, and more blinding than the night† (Conrad 65). This quotation compares the white fog to an illusion of some sort. The fog, from a distance, likely seems very aesthetically pleasing and is most importantly for our purposes entirely white. Conrad uses this white fog as a traditional symbol of the good in society since white is a symbol of purity. The fact that the fog has an smothered the dark night shows that how even something that outwardly seems pure and light can have a treacherous, harmful aspect to it when one ventures within. This is largely symbolic ofShow MoreRelatedSymbolism Of The River In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness1091 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Marlow in the novella Heart of Darkness written by Joseph Conrad. Heart of Darkness is read from the narration of Marlow, an ivory transporter who travels down the Congo. Throughout his journey, Marlow develops an intense interest in the famous ivory trader Kurtz, who is portrayed as a powerful, sage, and evil man. 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The reversed meanings amongst the colors and entangled description in Heart of Darkness shows how backwards civilization is through the need to enlighte n or civilize the natives is flamboyantly flaunted in both theRead MoreCorruption Of Imperialism In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness1473 Words   |  6 Pagessome individuals may maintain their integrity in corrupt situations, and therefore not become corrupt themselves. Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad relates to both the idea that an individual can become corrupt in a corrupt environment, and that some individuals can uphold their integrity in a corrupt situation. Both of these reactions can be seen in the main characters of Heart of Darkness, Kurtz and Marlow, in Kurtz’ becoming corrupt due to imperialism in the Congo, while still upholding some integrityRead MoreImagery, Symbolism and Motif in Heart of Darkness1053 Words   |  5 PagesIn this extract taken from the Novella, Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad explores many elements. 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Law Enforcement s Use Of Illegal Search Warrants

Law Enforcement’s use of illegal search warrants in violation of the fourth amendment rights. This is the case of Jones v. United States (2012). Antoine Jones owned a nightclub in the District of Columbia. In 2004, a joint Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Metropolitan Police Department task force began investigating Jones for narcotics violations. During the course of the investigation, a Global Positioning System (GPS) device was installed on Jones s Jeep Grand Cherokee, without a valid warrant. This device tracked the vehicle s movements 24 hours a day for four weeks. The FBI arrested Jones in late 2005, multiple motions were filed on Jones behalf including the motion to suppress the GPS data. This motion formed the basis for Jones appeals. Are law enforcement officers in the conduct of their duties allowed to violate the fourth amendment rights of citizens by using illegal search warrants, can they enter into your residence without permission, are they allowed to eavesdrop on your conversations or wiretap your communications without warrants or with illegal warrants? In the immediate aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, majority of people were reacting based on raw emotions, they did not care about the constitutionality of the methods that were used to hunt down those responsible for the attacks as long as they were apprehended and brought to justice. The problem with writing a â€Å"blank check† is that it will be cashed by the recipient (law enforcement)Show MoreRelatedInvestigation Of Search And Seizure1025 Words   |  5 PagesSearch and Seizure Cephas Banini Columbia College November 20, 2016 Search and seizure is a technique used in much civil law and common law legal systems whereby police or other authorities and their agents, who suspect that a crime has been committed, do a search of a person s property and impound any related evidence to the offence. In other words, it is a pursuit by law enforcement officials for possessions or communications alleged to be evidence of the crime, and the act of taking possessionRead MoreThe Second Amendment Of United Nations Constitution1649 Words   |  7 Pages1. Fourth Amendment: Under the fourth amendment of United Nations constitution the people have a right to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures. Warrants would not be issued, unless based on a cause and supported by an oath or affirmation with detailed description of the place to be searched and the things or persons to be seized. The aim of this amendment is to protect the right to privacy of the people and freedom of intrusions fromRead MoreSearch And Seizure Has Recently Been A Communal Debated1249 Words   |  5 PagesSearch and seizure has recently been a communal debated issue for most of society. The controversy is split, one stance is for public safety and the other is for privacy. The Fourth Amendment, unreasonable search and seizure, was adopted into The Constitution of the United States to tackle â€Å"writ of assistance†, a general search warrant used during British rule. Unlike the general search warrants used during British rule, search and seizure have many guidelines and court precedents preventing lawRead MoreFederalism Is The Division Of Powers Between A Central Government And Regional Governments1480 Words   |  6 PagesRights. These amendments deal with freedom of speech and religion, right to bear arms, right to jury trials, right to due process, right to compensation if prope rty is seized for a public purpose, right to privacy in so far as it bars an illegal search of one s premises and possessions, and states rights. The Fourth Amendment protects the right of the people against unreasonable searches and seizures†. The Fourth Amendment, spoke to the importance of federalism as a mechanism to secure libertyRead MoreUnited States Court Of Appeals For The District Of Columbia Circuit963 Words   |  4 PagesStates †¢ Silverthorne Lumber Company v. United States Statement of Issues Presented for Review: I. Whether law enforcement violates the defendant’s Fourth Amendment right by placing a GPS tracking device to the undercarriage of his vehicle to monitor the location in a public setting. II. Whether the evidence presented to the court was admissible even though it originated from a warrantless search, violating the Fourth Amendment. Statement of the Case: Defendant seeks review of the ruling of the URead MoreShould The Police Search The House Without A Warrant?1503 Words   |  7 Pagesabout drugs and minors. They want to search the house and take a look around but you know there are drugs here and alcohol plus minors. Would it be okay if the police search the house without a warrant? Is this legal or illegal in this situation? 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The conduct of illegal search s and or seizures became more prevalent with the introduction of the cellphone, thus demanding the Supreme Court revisits our FourthRead MoreFourth Amendment : Search And Seizure963 Words   |  4 PagesFourth Amendment: Search and Seizure The Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure was passed by Congress on September 25, 1789 and ratified December 15, 1791. The Fourth Amendment provides, [t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the personsRead MoreSearch and Seizure1216 Words   |  5 PagesSearch and Seizure When it comes to Search and Seizure, allot of people think that law enforcement should not be allowed to search or seize property. I have heard many arguments against this subject, people stating that law enforcement officers go too far or have no right to search someone’s property such as their vehicle. Probable cause is more than a reasonable suspicion it requires that a combination of facts makes it more likely than not that items sought are where police believe them toRead MoreFourth Amendment Of Us Constitution1654 Words   |  7 Pagessearches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or afï ¬ rmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Explanation: Hence the above statement says that Constitution provides the privacy to the citizens and this law doesn’t allow searching and seizing of citizen’s belongings (properties) by the government for no reason. This law emphasizes that citizens will not be allowed to any